im»3. 



E178 



.L47 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



0D0DE737D73 






KJ^ '«> • » 





!. % 







.^^r 



>-^. 



^* ^^' ^. °'W^^ ^-^"^^^ '• 









^^^^ 






V .^'% 



.^ ^e-a, ^ 



i^"-'^^ 



^°^*-. 











,^ 



5^ ^ 



*o. 












^^'^% 














o^ 



U.S. HISTORY 




The Facts Condensed 

BY 

A. S. LEE 

AUTHOR OF 

CONDENSED SERIES OF TEXT BOOKS 
FOR TEACHERS 



PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 

Copyright 1921, by A. S. Lee 

Revised Edition 

1921 



<j 



GLOBE PRINTING & BINDING CO., PARKERSBURG, W. VA. 



EJ7S 
.2. 

.L^7 



\<Ki- 



m: 24 



iilStd 5; 






U. S. HISTORY 



The Facts Condensed 



History is the record of human progress. 

CiTilization is the sum total of permanent gains made 
by man through his personal and co-operative efforts. 

We study our country's history to develop intelligent 
patriotism and to learn what our country has accomplished 
that is worth passing on to succeeding generations. 



LESSON PLAN FOR THE STUDY OF AN EVENT. 



1. Conditions prior to the event. 

2. Disadvantages of these conditions. 

3. The problem — to better these conditions. 

4. The attempts to improve conditions. (The im- 
provement is the event.) 

5. Success of the improved conditions. 

6. Results of the event, listed. 



SUBJECT MATTER FOR "HISTORY IN THE GRADES." 



First Grade. Folk stories, myths, and fairy tales. 
Second Grade. Stories of Indians, such as Pratt's 



Legends of Red Children and Burton's The Story of the 
Indians of New England. 

Third Grade. Stories of the Northmen and of Indian 
Chieftains. 

Fourth Grrade. Oral and written reproductions of his- 
tory stories read or told by the teacher. Facts in local 
history. Pratt's American History for American Children. 

Fifth Grade, Great discoverers- inventors, and heroes. 
"Ten Great Events in History" by Johonnot. 

Sixth Grade. Beginner's American History, Mont- 
gomery. The life and achievements of great men. 

Seventh Grade. American Beginnings in Europe. Ex- 
plorers and Colonizers of America. American history to 
the Revolutioa 

Eighth Grade. Adopted text from the Revolution to 
the present. Supplementary books — "A History of the 
United States for Grammar Schools" by Thwaites and Ken- 
dall, Houghton Miffin Co., and Ashley's American History, 
Macmillan Co. 

The aim of the history work in the lower grades is to 
cultivate a taste for history and to create an interest in 
men and their achievements. In these grades history is 
approached through the story and through biography; 
the story is the first available route. 

Patriotic poems and songs, national holidays, and 
birthdays of our great men provide a basis for much val- 
uable history work in all the grades if properly treated 
and presented by the teacher. Through these exercises, 
Americanism may be taught. 

©C1.A853247 



Period of Discovery and Exploration 
(1492-1607) 



The occupation of Constantinople by the Turks (1453) 
cutting off communication with the far east, and the dis- 
covery of the rotundity of the earth, led to the discovery of 
America in 1492, by Christopher Columbus. 

The invention of printing. The Revival of Learning 
The Crusades, and glowing accounts of travelers to the 
far East aroused the interest of Europeans in trade, com- 
merce, travel and social conditions. The expeditions of 
Columbus, Cabot, Vespucius, Da Gama, Magellan and others 
is, but the outgrowth of the "New Birth" which marks this 
period. The Crusades created a spirit of adventure and an 
interest in the geography of Asia. 

Sir John Mandeville first suggested the idea of the 
rotundity of the earth- Columbus resolved to prove it, and 
Magellan did prove it. 

Spain, England, France, and Holland took an active 
part in exploring and colonizing America. 

Spain claimed the whole of South America and the 
southern part of North America and based that claim on 
the discovery of America by Columbus. 

England claimed all of North America, basing her 
claim on the expedition of John Cabot, who explored xhe 
coast of North America from Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras. 

France claimed the valleys of the St. Lawrence and 
Mississippi, basing her claim on the expeditions of Cartier 
and LaSalle, respectively. 

Holland claimed the middle portion of North America 



about the Hudson river, basing her claim on the expedition 
of Sir Henry Hudson. 

Each of these nations expended its energies in coloniz- 
ing the parts claimed. 

Cliristoplier ColnKifons, a native of Genoa, Italy, v/as a 
great traveler, a practical sailor and a man of practical 
ideas. He believed the world to be round and that the 
Indies could be reached by sailing west. After many un- 
successful attempts to get aid to prove his theory, Ferdi- 
nand, and Isabella, rulers of Spain, fitted out three small 
vessels — the Kiiia- Pinta and Santa Maria, — for him. With 
these, he sailed to the west and reached the island of San 
Salvador of the Bahama group, Oct, 12, 1402. He discov- 
ered Cuba on this voyage. A little later, he made a second 
Toyage discovering the remainder of the Greater Antilles. 
On the third Yoyage he discovered (1498) the mainland of 
South America. In Haiti Colum.bus was arrested and sent 
home in chains. After several years he made a foiirlli 
Yoyage visiting the lands he had explored. This voyage 
was full of misfortunes, and Columbus, broken in health 
and spirits, returned to Spain, where he died in 1506. 

SPANISH EXFLOKEMS— Columbus discovered Amer- 
ica. DeSoto discovered the Mississippi. Balboa discovered 
the Pacific ocean. Ponce De Lcoii explored Florida. Cor- 
tez explored and conquered P,iexico. Magellan circnmnaYi- 
gated the globe. 

ENGLISH EXPLOKEES— Cabot discovered North 
America, ©rake explored the Pacific coast of North Amer- 
ica. John Smitli explored the Atlantic Coast of North 
America. Prol)isIier explored the northeastern coast of 
North America. 

FRSKCH EXPLORESS— Cartier explored the valley of 
the St. Lawrence. Marciiiette explored the upper valley of 



tlie Mississippi. LaSalle explored the Ohio and lower 
Mississippi regions. Chainpiaiii explored the valley of the 
St. Lawrence. To the work of Champlain the success of 
the French in Canada must be atributed. 

DUTCH EXPLOHEBS— Henry Hudson explored the 
Hudson river and Hudson bay. Adrian Block explored the 
Connecticut valley. Corneims May explored Delaware and 
Delaware bay. 

These various expeditions and claims led to much 
strife among the colonies and among the mother countries. 
The whole matter was finally settled by the simple plan: 

That they should take who had the power, 
Aiid they should keep who can. 



Colonial Period (1607-1776.) 



During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when 
America was being settled, most European countries were 
falling more and more under autocratic government. 
J]ngland and Holland were the only two countries in which 
the people succeeded in building up a governm^ent in which 
,the people had a part. Civil wars, the Thirty Years War, 
and other wars kept the energies of the countries of Eu- 
rope engaged at home; some of them v/ere fighting for 
their national existence. The Reformation, early in the 
sixteenth century, divided the people into religious fac- 
tions that persecuted each other without mercy. Relig- 
ious intolerance and militarism made life in Europe one 
round of hardships. The rights to enjoy life, liberty and 
the pursuits of happiness were denied. It was the pro- 
gressive, the forward-looking, the strong-willed, the cour- 
ageous people of Europe that withdrew from such asso- 
ciations and settled in America. 



6 



The newly discovered continent- America, rich in 
natural resources and ideal in climate, provided unlimited 
opportunities for the oppressed people of Europe to build 
up new communities and to found a new government based 
on the brotherhood of man. The thinking classes of 
Europe saw and grasped these opportunities. Liberty and 
opportunity is what they sought and found in America. 

We must think of the colonists as Englishmen, Dutch- 
men and Frenchmen living in America, who had brought 
with them the language, manners, laws, and social ideas 
of the mother country. In fact, we must think of them 
as part of the old world brought to the new. This means 
that the history of America is but a continuation of the 
history of Europe. 

Whenever one church party came into power in Eng- 
land, persecutions of the other party in England followed. 
This state of affairs was often reflected in the colonies. 
Whenever England and France v/ere at war, which was 
quite often, it meant a war between the English and French 
colonies in America. 

It is to be rememered, however, that most of the 
colonists came to America to escape persecution and in- 
tolerance and that, naturally, they made great efforts to 
eliminate these evils from their communities in America. 

While the governments in the colonies are classed as 
(1) Charter (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecti- 
cut), (2) Proprietary (Pennsylvania, Delaware- and Mary- 
land), and (3) Royal (New Hampshire, New York, New 
Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and 
Georgia), they were very similar in form for the English 
brought their forms of government with them. In fact, 
they formed a little chain of English governments along 
the Atlantic coast that later united and formed our Fed- 
eral Union. The basis of English liberties guaranteed by 



"Magna Carta" and the "Bill of Rights" was cherished by 
these English settlers and perpetuated in their govern- 
ments. We can see why they pledged their liyes, their 
fortunes and their sacred honor for the preservation of 
these liberties. 

When we think of the European background of our 
history, it is easy to understand that there have grown 
up in America, democratic ideals that have been tested 
and found good, and that are now strongly in evidence 
wherever civilization is found. America made democracy 
safe for the world and has played a deciding part in mak- 
ing the world safe for democracy. 

It was the desire to escape persecutions and intoler- 
ance that induced Europeans to seek homes in America, 
The colonies of Plymouth, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Rhode 
Island and Georgia, were founded as asylums for the 
oppressed. 

First Settlements 

Spanish, at St. Augustine, in 1565. 
French, at Port Royal, in 1604. 
English, at Jamestown, in 1607. 
Dutch, at New Amsterdam, in 1614. 



state 


Date 


Where 


By Whom 


Leading Man 


Virginia 


1607 


Jamestown 


Eng. Cavaliers 


John Smith 


New York 


1614 


N. Amsterdam 


Dutch 


Stuyvesant 


New Jersey 


1617 


Bergen 


Eng. Quakers 


Lord Berkeley 


Mass. 


1620 


Plymouth 


Eng. Puritans 


Miles Standish 


New Ham. 


1623 


Dover 


English 


Gorges 


Connecticut 


1624 


Windsor 


English 


Jolui Winthrop 


Maryland 


1634 


St. Marys 


Eng. Catholics 


Lord Baltimore 


Rhode Island 


1636 


Providence 


English 


Roger Williams 


Delaware 


1638 


Christiana 


Swedes 


Penn 


North Car. 


1663 


Albermarle 


Huguenots 


Duke of Albermarle 


South Car. 


1680 


Charleston 


Huguenots 


Lord Clarendon 


Perm. 


1681 


Philadelphia 


Eng. Quakers 


Penn 


Georgia 


1733 


Savannah 


Eng. Prisoners 


Ogelthorpe 



Cavaliers and Pilgrims. The cavaliers were royalistS' 
and supported the Church of England. The Pilgrims op- 
posed both the King and the Church of England. The 
Cavaliers were indolent, yet broad minded and aristocratic, 
while the Pilgrims were narrow minded, but industrious 
and democratic. The Cavaliers came to Virginia to seek 
wealth and to escape the society of the Puritans; the Pil- 
grims came to Massachusetts that they might worship God 
as their conscience dictated. 

Coining of the Puritans. The 10 years following the 
settlement of Boston (1630) was the most important period 
in the settlement of New England. V/ithin this period 
more than 20,000 Puritans came from England and settled 
in Massachusetts. This great Puritan migration was caus- 
ed by the oppression and tyranny of Charles I in matters 
of religion. Many of these Puritans were educated persons 
of wealth and influence and v/ere among the most progres- 
sive citizens of England. They brought with them the 
world's best ideas as to government and social efficiency. 
Their descendants became leaders in the Revolutionary 
period. 

Coming of the Cavaliers. The tyranny and oppression 
of Charles I brought on a civil war in England between 
the King's friends (the Cavaliers), and his enemies (most- 
ly Puritans) which resulted in the defeat of the ICing's 
party and the execution of the King 1649. Oliver Crom- 
well, the great Puritan leader, now became the ruled. The 
Cavaliers, fearing the hostility of Cromwell and disgusted 
with the Puritan government, came to Virginia. They 
were mostly men of culture, v/ealth, and refinement and 
many of them came from some of the best families in 
England. These Cavaliers made Virginia a better place 
to live in and their descendants became the greatest states- 
men and soldiers of our revolutionary period. 



Union of the Colonies, 



In 1G43, Plymouth, New Haven, Massachusetts, and 
Connecticut united to protect themselves from Indian 
hostilities, and from encroachments of the Dutch. 

In 1754, representatives from seven colonies met at 
Albany to maintain peace with the Iriquois Indians and to 
plan for the French and Indian War. At this Convention, 
a plan for union was written and submitted by Benjamin 
Franklin. The Convention approved the plan and it was 
sent to the King and the Colonies for ratification. The 
King and the Colonies both rejected it- each thinking it 
^ave the other too much power. 

In 1765, representatives from nine colonies met in 
New York to protest against the Stamp Act, which was 
passed earlier in the year. The English Parliament gave 
prompt attention to the petition of this Congress and, in 
the follov/ing year, repealed the Stamp Act, but with the 
repeal bill, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act, assert- 
ing the right to tax the colonies and "to legislate for them 
in all cases whatsoever." The effectiveness of co-operation 
in the work of this Congress encouraged a closer union. 

Ill 1774, the first Continental Congress met at Phila- 
delphia, with representatives present from all the Colonies 
but Georgia. This Congress met to counteract the "In- 
tolerable Acts" passed by Parliament. This Congress pro- 
tested against the treatment of Massachusetts, drew up a 
Declaration of Rights, planned a boycott on English goods, 
and called another Congress for next year in case their 
grievances were not redressed. 

In 1775, the second Continental Congress met at Phil- 
adelphia, v/ith representatives present from all the colo- 



10 



Hies. This Congress had no formal authority from the 
Colonies but having their good will, it exercised all the 
functions of government from 1775 to 1789. This Congress 
provided men and means to carry on the war. It adopted 
the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confed- 
eration, and authorized their revision which resulted in 
the present Constitution for the United States of America. 
This Congress completed the union of the Colonies. 



Nationalism and the Constitution 



On November 17, 1777* the Articles of Confederation 
were adopted. This plan of government was not effective 
until ratified by all the states. The ratification was not 
completed until 1781. The Articles of Confederation were 
found defective in the following particulars: (1) They 
formed an alliance instead of a nation. (2) They did not 
provide for an executive department. (3) There was no 
authority to interpret the laws. (4) Congress had no au- 
thority to enforce any of its decrees. (5) They failed to 
regulate commerce among the states. 

The Critical Period. The time between the close of 
the Revolution and the adoption of the National Constitu- 
tion is known as the "critical period" of American history. 
There was jealousy and discontent among the states. The 
government had no credit at home nor abroad. Congress 
had no money; it could not preserve order nor pay its 
debts. The country was almost ruined by the war. 

Forward-looking statesmen of this day saw the ne- 
cessity for two sweeping reforms. One was that the fi- 
nances of the country should be placed on a sound basis. 
Another one was that there should be uniform laws and 



11 

rules governing commerce with foreign nations and among 
the states. 

In 1785, commissioners from Maryland and Virginia 
met at Washington's home at Mt. Vernon to discuss the 
establishment of joint regulations for the use of Chesa- 
peake Bay as a highway of commerce. It was soon seen 
that the settlement of this question involved others in 
which all the states were interested. Next year (1786), 
Virginia asked all the states to send delegates to a con- 
vention to be held at Annapolis to establish uniformity in 
currency and duties, in all the states. Only five states 
sent delegates, and no action was taken. This Convention, 
however, asked all the states to meet at Philadelphia, 1787, 
to consider the state of the union and to revise the Ar- 
ticles of Confederation that uniformity, stability, and effi- 
ciency in the government might be secured. By vote of 
Congress, such a convention was called to meet in Phila- 
delphia, the second Monday of May, 1787, "for the sole 
and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confedera- 
tion." 

The Convention met in Independence Hall and elected 
Washington president; Madison, Jefferson, Hamilton, Pat- 
terson- Morris, Pinckney, Dickinson, Franklin, Sherman, 
King and Wilson were among the prominent members. 
It soon became apparent that the Articles of Confederation 
could not be revised but that a new plan of government 
was needed. Consequently, the National Constitution, as 
we now have it was, after much deliberation, agreed upon 
and formally adopted Sept. 17, 1787. It was to go into 
effect when nine states had ratified it. New Hampshire, 
the ninth state, ratified it June 21, 1788, and the Conti- 
nental Congress took steps to put the new government in 
operation. Washington, the first president, was inaugur- 
ated April 30, 1789. This marks the beginning of our 
Federal Union and our national life. 



12 

Slavery 



Slavery was introduced (1619) into the colonies by the 
captain of a Dutch trading vessel, who brought to James- 
town his first colony of negroes. 

Slavery existed in all the colonies, but not extensive- 
ly north of the Mason and Dixon Line, where they were 
chiefly household servants. 

In the South the farmers raised all their crops by 
slave labor. The invention of the cotton gin made slave 
labor very profitable, not only to the producers of cotton, 
but to the manufacturers of cotton cloth. In the begin- 
ning' people generally believed slavery to be right, but 
gradually good men in all the states proclaimed slavery to 
be a national evil, resulting in evil to both whites and 
blacks. The North did not need slaves; the South thought 
she could not get along without them. The North was 
fast becoming a manufacturing section and needed a pro- 
tective tariff. The South, having no manufacturing, look- 
ed at the tariff as a burden. These differences in indus- 
tries, opinions, and interests led to much bitter feeling and 
to opposing views as to public policies. 

The first trouble in regard to slavery occurred at the 
framing of the national constitution. One faction wanted 
the slave trade abolished at once, the other faction wanted 
nothing said about it. This difference was compromised 
by section IX, article I, of the constitution, forbidding 
Congress to abolish the slave trade before 1808. The ex- 
treme South wanted the slaves counted in apportioning 
representatives; the midle and northern states objected. 
This difference was compromised by section II, article III, 
counting three-fifths of the slaves in apportioning repre- 



13 

sentatiTes and direct taxes. By act of Congress, 1807, to 
take effect, 1808, the slave trade was abolished. 

The acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase agitated th© 
slaye question again. No slave states existed above the 
Ohio river; no free states south of it. In 1818 Missouri 
applied for admission to the Union. This opened up the 
question as to the existence of slavery in all the territory 
west of the Mississippi. It was settled by the :Missouri 
Compromise, which provided that Missouri should be ad- 
mitted as a slave state and that slavery should be forever 
prohibited in all other territory of the United States north 
and west of Missouri. 

The acquisition of the Mexican territory opened up the 
slave question again. It v/as settled (1850) by the Omni- 
bus Bill introduced by Henry Clay so ably supported by 
Daniel Webster in his famous "7th of March speech." 

It provided (1) that California should be admitted as 
a free state; (2) that the slave trade be abolished in the 
District of Columnia; (3) that New Mexico and Utah should 
be organized into territories without mention of slavery; 
(4) That Texas should be paid $10,000,000 for her claim on 
New Mexico; (5) that a stringent fugitive slave law should 
be enacted. These bills were passed separately. 

"The Missouri Compromise of 1820," "The Compromise 
Tariff Bill of 1833," and the "Omnibus Bill of 1850-" are 
often spoken of as the three compromise measures of Henry 
Clay. 

The Kansas-Jebraska Bill (1854) introduced by Doug- 
less, provided for the organization of the territories of 
Kansas and Nebraska with or without slavery, as the 
people of those territories might determine. This terri- 
tory being north of the southern boundary of Missouri, the 
bill repealed the Missouri Compromise. The plan outlined 



14 

in the Kansas-Nebraska Bill is called "Squatter-SoYereign- 
ty." 

A little later, the Dred Scott Decision declared the 
Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. 

The Kansas-Nebraska Bill led to a civil war in Kansas. 
Both Kansas and Nebraska were admitted as free states. 

The Iliidergroiiud Mailroad was a concerted action of 
the abolitionists in secreting the negroes and helping them 
on their way to Canada. 

John Brown's raid to Harper's Ferry occurred in 1859. 

As a war measure, the Emancipation Proclamation 
was issued by President Lincoln, Sept. 22, 1863, freeing 
the slaves in states or parts of states in rebellion against 
the United States on January 1, 1863. 

The 13th amendment (1865) freed the negro; the 14tli 
amendment (1868) made him a citizen; the 15th amend- 
ment (1870) gave him the right to vote. 



The United States Bank 



The first United States Bank was planned by Hamil- 
ton and chartered in 1791 for 20 years, with a capital 
of $10,000,000, of which the government subscribed one- 
fifth. The bank was not re-chartered on the grounds 
that it was not constitutional and was managed by for- 
eigners. 

Another United States bank was re-chartered in 1816, 
for 20 years with a capital of $35,000,000. The government 
subscribed $7,000-000. 

In 1831 the bank applied for a new charter. The bill 
passed both houses, but was vetoed by President Jackson 
and lost. 



15 

The United States Bank was superseded by the Inde- 
pendent Treasury System planned by President Van Buren. 



The Tariff. 



Tariff is a schedule of the rates of duties fixed 
by law. The first tariff bill was introduced by James Mad- 
ison of Virginia, and passed in 1789. The object was to 
raise revenue and to encourage and protect home manu- 
facturers. In 1790 the rate of duties was raised from 8 1-2 
to 11 per cent. In 1792 it was again raised to 13 per cent. 
The rates were increased in 1804, in 1810 duties were 
doubled, in 1816 the rates were again increased. In 1824 a 
tariff with a 37 per cent rate was passed. In 1828 it was 
increased to 40 per cent. The latter rate led to the "Nulli- 
fication Acts" of South Carolina and to the tariff compro- 
mise measure of Henry Clay in 1833. The rates were 
gradually reduced until the civil war. Since then they 
have been materially increased. The McKinley Bill of 
1890 made the average rate 47 per cent, the Wilson Bill of 
1894 made the rate 41 per cent, the Dingley Bill of 1897 
fixed the rate at 49 per cent on an average. The Payne- 
Aldrich Bill of 1909 revised the tariff again. On some 
things the rates were increased and on others, decreased. 
The Underwood Tariff Law of 1913, reduced tariff rates 
somewhat and placed lumber, v/ool, sugar, and certain 
food supplies on the free list. The tariff rates mentioned 
above are average rates. 



Political Parties 



The people first divided into political parties on the 
matter of adopting the Federal Constitution in 1787. Those 
who favored the constitution, led by Madison, Hamilton, 



16 

Marshall, Washington, and Jefferson were called Federal- 
ists; while those opposed to it, led by Patrick Henry- 
George Mason, Richard Henry Lee, and V/illiam Grayson, 
were called Anti-Federalists. 

In 1791 Madison and Jefferson left the Federalist 
party. They were Federalists when to be a Federalist 
meant the adoption of the constitution. They became Ke- 
publicans, when to be a Federalist meant the endorsement 
of Hamilton's financial policy. It was in Jefferson's 

administration that the name Republican was changed to 
Democrat. Jefferson is recognized as the founder of the 
Democratic party. 

The Federalists elected but two presidents — Washing- 
ton and Adams. The downfall of the Federalist party is 
attributed to different things, chief of which are the Alien 
and Sedition laws, monarchial tendencies, divisions within 
the party, and the Hartford Convention. 

From 1824 to 1840 there were two parties — the Dem- 
ocratic and Whig. Monroe, Jackson, Gallatin, Gerry, Ben- 
ton, Calhoun, Hayne, and Marcy were Democrats; while 
Clay, Webster, Harrison* Taylor, and Scott were Whigs. 

Prior to 1834 the Whig party was called the National 
Republican party. 

The American party nominated but one candidate, Mil- 
lard Fillmore, in 1856. John C. Fremont was the first can- 
didate of the Republican party (1856.) In 1848 the Free- 
Soil party nominated J. P. Hale. He received no electoral 
vote. Since 1856 the two leading parties have been the 
Democratic and Republican. Excepting Buchanan, Cleve- 
land and Wilson, all the presidents since 1856 have been 
Republicans. Within this time there have been various 
other parties: Proliibition, Greenback, Socialist, Populist 
and Progressive. 



17 

Jefferson, Madison, Monroe- Jackson, Van Buren, 
Pierce, Buchanan, Cleveland and Wilson were Democrats; 
Lincoln, Johnson, Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Benja- 
min Harrison, McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft and Harding were 
Eepublicans. George Washington and John Adams were 
Federalists. Harrison, Tyler, Taylor, and Fillmore were 
Whigs. J. Q. Adams was independent in politics. 

Three presidents were not elected by the Electoral 
College: Jeiferson, J, Q. Adams, and Hayes. The first 
two were elected by the House of Representatives; Hayes 
was elected by the Electoral Commission. 



Wars 



The inter-colonial wars were King William's War, 
Queen Anne's War- King George's War, and the French 
and Indian War. 

The causes of the French and Indian >Tar were (a) 

Conflicting claims to the Ohio Valley; (b) National jeal- 
ousy. 

General Braddock was sent against the French at 
Fort Du Quesne but was defeated. The battle of Quebec 
was the decisive engagement. The English under Wolfe 
defeated the French under Montcalm. The "Treaty of 
Paris" 1763 closed the war. By this treaty, French ceded 
Canada and all her territory east of the Mississippi to 
England. Spain ceded Florida to England in exchange for 
Cuba and the Phillipines, which had been taken by Eng- 
land during this war. 



18 

An Eventful Period (1763-1776) 



The problems growing out of the French and Indian 
War developed the American spirit and marked quite clear- 
ly the differences between the democratic ideals of Amer- 
ica and the extreme monarchial views of George III and 
his followers. America did not object to paying a just 
share of the expenses of the war but did object to sur- 
rendering democratic ideals as to the method of raising 
the funds. Right here it is well to go back to the be- 
ginnings of our history and to remember that America 
was settled by persons who considered their social and 
civic rights as sacred as their honor and their lives. It 
4s no wonder that they openly resisted the application of 
autocratic principles of government, and that they believed 
taxation without representation was tyranny. 

Egypt developed civilization for the world; Greece gave it science and art; 
the Semitic peoples of Arabia and Palestine gave it its religions; Rome gave it 
its laws; the Teutons of north western Europe gave to the world its courtesy 
and respect for women; it appears that the mission of America is to give to 
the world a democratic government based on the brotherhood of man. This idea 
of democracy can be traced Quite clearly from the first settlement at Jamestown 
1607 to the conclusion of the World War 1914-1918. 

The French and Indian war decided that the language, 
laws, customs, and institutions of the English people 
should be perpetuated in North America. It resulted in 
a closer union of the colonies and trained many soldiers 
and commanders, who became prominent in the Revolu- 
tion. The expense of this war v/as great and the new 
English King George III proposed to make the colonies 
pay most of it. In 1765 Parliament passed the "Stamp 
Act" which compelled the colonists to buy revenue stamps 
and place them on every legal document, note, contract 
and publication. These stamps varied in price from 1 cent 
to 50 dollars. The colonists refused to buy the stamps 
on the grounds (1) that it was unjust and (2) that it 



19 

was taxing the colonists without their consent which was 
in violation of the constitutional laws of England. Burke 
and Pitt, able and eloquent members of Parliament, cham- 
pioned the cause of the colonies and the odious law 
was repealed. But other laws as obnoxious as the Stamp 
Act, were passed— Declaratory Act, Boston Port Bill, Mu- 
tiny Act, Quebec Act, Transportation Act, etc. These acts 
met determined opposition in xA.merica and resulted in the 
calling of The First Continental Congress which met in 
Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia- September 5, 1774. This 
congress decided to stand with Massachusetts in her re- 
sistance to British oppression. It issued an address to the 
king, and another to the English people. The Second Con- 
tinental Congress met at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 
3Iay 10, 1775. This Congress exercised all the functions 
of government from 1775 to 1789. (1) It provided men 
and means to carry on the Revolution; (2) It adopted the 
Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confeder- 
ation. (3) It completed the union among the states. 



The Revolution 



The causes of the Revolution were? (a) Taxation with- 
out representation, (b) Personal character of George III. 
(c) Inclination of the colonists to be free, (d) Influence 
of France, (e) Appointment of British Bishops to preside 
over American churches, (f) The passage of several acts 
detrimental to American liberty, examples: Boston Port 
Bill; Quebec Acts, Declaratory Act, Transportation Bill, 
and the Quartering Act. 

It is to be remembered that the great majority of the 
English people as well as many influential members of 
Parliament, such as Pitt, Burke, and Fox, opposed the war 



20 



as well as the governments policies tov/ards the Colonies. 
The people did not join the army to fight the Americans 
and it became necessary to hire German soldiers, the Hes- 
sians. 

WasMngton took command of the army at Cambridge, 
Mass., drove the British out of Boston, v/as defeated at 
Long Island, gained the battles of Trenton and Princeton, 
and went into winter quarters at Morristov^m, N. J., 1777, 
was defeated at Brandy wine and Germantown, went into 
winter quarters at Valley Forge- 1777-78, fought the inde- 
cisive battle of Monmouth, and, with the aid of the French, 
captured Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown (1781.) 



Leading Battles 



Battles 


Amer. Com. 


British Com. 


Victorious 


Long Island 


Washington 


Howe 


British 


Trenton 


Wasliington 


Rahl 


Americans 


Princeton 


Wasliington 


Mawhood 


Americans 


Brandywine 


Wasliington 


Howe 


British 


Germantown 


Washington 


Howe 


British 


Saratoga 


Gates 


Burgoyne 


Americans 


Monmouth 


Washington 


Clinton 


Indecisive 


Camden 


Gates 


Cornwallis 


British 


Kings Mt. 


Campbell 


Ferguson 


Americans 


Guilford C. H. 


Greene 


Cornwallis 


British 


Yorktown 


Washington 


Cornwallis 


Americans 



A Critical Period 



The time between the close of the Revolution and the 
adoption of the Constitution is known as the critical period 



21 

of American history. Eeasons: (1) There was jealousy 
and discontent among the states. (2) The government 
had no money, nor had it credit at home or abroad. (3) 
It could not preserve order nor pay its debts. (4) The 
country had been desolated by the war. (5) The Articles 
of Confederation was inadequate as a means of government. 

The attempt to improve conditions by revising the 
Articles of Confederation led to the adoption of the Na- 
tional Constitution in 1787. The new government so pro- 
vided, was put in operation by Congress 1789. It gave us 
confidence, order, and hope at home, and respect abroad. 
Other events of this period: — (1) The Annapolis Conven- 
tion. (2) Shay's Rebellion in Mass. (3) The adoption of 
the Ordinance of 1787. 



War of 1812 



The causes of the war of 1812 were (a) the impress- 
ment of American seamen and (b) the seizure of American 
ships and cargoes, by the British. 

During the war of 1812, England was directing her 
military energies mostly against Napoleon whose ambitious 
designs had threatened the national life of Great Britain. 
The treaty of Ghent, 1814, was not the result of American 
victories so much as it was a war measure on the part of 
England to concentrate her strength against Napoleon. 
The battle of Waterloo, which ended the career of Na- 
poleon, was fought but a few months after the battle of 
New Orleans. 

It is to be remembered, too, that the safety of England 
has always depended upon her navy, and that in these* 
years in particular, she needed every available sailor she 
had. It must be admitted that she had a right to make a 



^1 



thorough search for her slackers, many of whom she found 
on American ships. We did not object to the capture and 
return of her deserters but we did emphatically object to 
her taking American sailors along with her slackers and 
impressing them into British service. 



Leading Battles 



Battles 


Amer. Com. 


British Com. 


Victorious 


Constitution and Guerrier 


Hull 


Dacres 


Americans 


Lake Erie 


Perry 


Barclay 


Americans 


Thames 


Harrison 


Proctor 


Americans 


Lundys Lane 


Scott 


Drummond 


Americans 


Bladensburg 


Winder 


Ross 


British 


New Orleans 


Jackson 


Packenham 


Americans 


Chesapeake and Shannon 


Lawrence 


Broke 


British 


Lake Champlain 


McDonough 


Prevost 


Americans 



Mexican War 



The cause of the Mexican War was a dispute as to 
boundary between Texas and Mexico. The southern states 
had been on the lookout for more slave territory to main- 
tain their balance in the United States Senate. A war 
with Mexico would afford the desired opportunity. 

General Taylor gained the battles of Palto Alto, Res- 
aca De La Palma, Monterey, and Buena Tista. 

General Scott gained the battles of Yera Cruz, Cerro 
Gordo, Contreras, Chapultepec, and Mexico City. 

The Mexicans never gained a battle. 



23 



The Civil War 



The causes of the Ciyil war were (a) Different con- 
structions placed upon the constitution of the U. S. by the 
people of the North and the South, (b) Slavery, (c) Se- 
cession of States, (d) Publication of sectional books, (e) 
Influence of demagogues. 

The four objects constantly kept in view by the IJnion 
generals were (a) The capture of Richmond, (b) The re- 
covery of the coast, (c) The opening of the Mississippi. 
(d) The division of the Confederacy by an expedition to 
the coast. 



Battles of the Army on the Potomac 



Battles 


Date 


Union Com. 


Confed. Com. 


Victorious 


BuU Bun 

Seven Days 

Bull Run 

Antietam 

Fredericksburg 

Chancelloraville 

Gettysburg 


1861 
1862 
1862 
1862 
1862 
1863 
1863 


McDoweU 

McClelland 

Pope 

McClelland 

Burnside 

Hooker 

Meade 


Beauregard 

Lee 

Lee 

Lee 

Lee 

Lee 

Lee 


Confederate 

Indecisive 

Confederate 

Union 

Confederate 

Confederate 

Union 



Battles in the West 



Battles 


Date 


Union Com. 


Confed. Com. 


Victorious 


Fort Donelson 


1862 


Grant 


Buckner 


Union 


Shiloh 


1862 


Grant 


Johnson 


Union 


Murfreesboro 


1862 


Bosecrans 


Bragg 


Union 


Vicksburg 


1863 


Grant 


Pemberton 


Union 


Chickamauga 


1863 


Bosecrans 


Bragg 


Confederate 


Chattanooga 


1863 


Grant 


Bragg 


Union 


Atlanta 


1864 


Sherman 


Hood 


Union 


Nashville 


1864 


Thomas 


Hood 


Union 



24 







Other Ba 


ttles 










Battles 


Date 


Union Com. 


Confed. Com. 


Victorious 


Cold Harbor 
Merrimac and 

Monitor 
Spottsylvania 


1864 

1862 
1864 


Grant 

Worden 
Grant 


Lee 

liuckhanan 
Lee 


Confederate 

Union 
Indecisive 



The naval battle between the Merrimac and Monitor, 
the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg' Atlanta and Vicksburg 
are, perhaps, the most decisive battles of the war. 

The defeat of the Merrimac by the Monitor, prevented 
(a) the destruction of the rest of the Federal fleet, (b) 
the breaking up of the blockade, and (c) the capture of 
jNew York and other coast cities of the north. 

The battle of Antietam checked Lee's first northern in- 
vasion. The battle of Gettysburg checked Lee's second 
northern invasion. 

The battle of Atlanta made possible the division of the 
Confederacy and Sherman's march to the Sea. 

The battle of Yicksburg opened up the Mississippi to 
Federal boats. 

The Civil War extinguished secession and made pos- 
sible the freeing of the slaves. 



Spanish American War 



Causes — The many rebellions of the Cuban people 
against the government of Spain injuring our commerce 
with Cuba, resulting in great damage to American invest- 



25 

ments there, and necessitating the keeping of our navy in 
preparation for active service, were the remote causes. 
The destruction of our battleship "The Maine" in the Har- 
bor of Havanna Feb. 15, 1898, was the immediate cause. 

The battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, was the first 
engagement of the war. The squadron under George 
Dewey without material loss destroyed a Spanish fleet 
and silenced the shore batteries. Later, (August 13) the 
fleet acting in conjunction with a land force under General 
Merritt captured the city of Manila. 

On July 1 and 2, the army under the command of 
General Shafter, took and held the other defenses of San- 
tiago, (El Caney and San Juan Hill.) On July 17- the city 
was surrendered, together with the eastern end of Cuba, 
and over 22,000 Spanish soldiers. 

On July 3, Cervera's fleet sailed out of the Harbor of 

Santiago. The American fleet under Commodore Schley, 
Captain Evans and Admiral Sampson, soon sunk or strand- 
ed all the Spanish vessels with a loss of but one man. 
Besides the great number killed and wounded, nearly 1,800 
Spanish sailors were taken prisoners. 

As a result of the war, Spain lost all her West Indian 
possessions, the Phillippines and other islands. The U. S. 
gained the Philippines, Porto Rico, Guam, and Wake Is- 
land. 



War With Germany 



April 6, 1917 to Jfovember 11, 1918 



Causes. The ruthless destruction of American ships 
and the taking of American lives as a part of the naval 



26 



program carried out by the German government, were the 
immediate causes of the war. 

Once in the war' we began to throw into the conflict 
every element of strength we possessed in order that the 
world might have what we already possess — freedom, de- 
mocracy and equality. Our war aim and our peace pro- 
gram were the same: "The reign of law, based upon the 
consent of the governed and sustained by the organized 
opinion of mankind.'' 

The battles in which our army took the initiative and 
won decisive victories were Chateau Tliierry, St. Mihiel, 
Bclleau Woods, and Argonne Forrest, 

Kesults of the war. It broadened the sympathy of 
mankind. It showed that no nation can force its opin- 
ions and policies upon the world. It completely destroyed 
the autocracy and militaryism that was a threatening 
menace to the peace and happiness of the world. It in- 
sures freedom to every nation both great and small to 
determine its own policy and its own way of develop- 
ment, unhindered, unthreatened, and unafraid. It demon- 
strated that there is no super-man nor no super-nation. 
It has marked the dawn of democracy and the twilight 
of autocracy. 

The part our country took in the war. We sent 
2,000'000 well equipped and well trained soldiers to France 
and had 2,000,000 more ready to go. Our troops were on 
the ground at the critical times in July 1918 when Paris 
was seriously threatened. At Chauteau Thierry our sol- 
diers started the Germans on the retreat v/hich did not 
cease till the Armistice was signed, November 11, 1918. 

We provided our associates in the war with $7,000,000,- 
000 in money and with food, clothing and supplies that 
they could not have acquired elsewhere and at a time 



27 



when the success of the Allies depended wholly on the food 
and other necessities which we furnished. 

Our navy rendered substantial aid in patrolling the 
North Sea, in making the blockade against Germany ef- 
fective, and in destroying enemy submarines. 

Since the signing of the Armistice, our soldiers have 
taken a leading part in enforcing the terms of the armis- 
tice. 

We made victory sure and complete. 

The Treaty of Peace was made at Versailles, a suburb 
of Paris and is properly called "The Treaty of Paris." 
Our members of the peace treaty were, President Wilson, 
Lansing, White, Bliss, and House. The treaty provides 
for peace among all the belligerent nations; Reparation, 
and restitution by Germany and her associates for the 
wrongs done, and a guaranty by them that such wrongs 
will not be attempted again. The treaty further provides 
for a "League of Nations" to preserve the peace of the 
world and to maintain freedom and justice for all nations, 
great and small. 

The part of the treaty providing for "The League of 
Nations" was rejected by the United States Senate. 
Treaties made by the president are not binding until rati- 
fied by the Senate. 



Period of Reconstruction (1866-1877) 



Immediately after the Civil War three great problems 
confronted the Federal government: (1) the status of the 
Blacks; (2) The status of the Confederate Whites; (3) The 
status of the Confederate states. 



28 

I. The thirteenth amendment, ratified in 1865, freed 
the negro. 

The fourteenth amendment, ratified in 1868, made the 
negro a citizen. 

The fifteenth amendment, ratified in 1870, gave the 
negro the right to vote. 

II. In 1868' President Johnson declared a general am- 
nesty to all persons who had taken part in the rebellion, 
but Congress vested with authority granted it by the XIV 
Amendment, prevented the southern leaders from holding 
any office- state or national for several years. 

III. As to the status of the new states, the President 
and Congress differed widely, the former maintaining that 
they were never out of the Union, while the latter claimed 
they were and that they should be dealt with as territories. 
The view taken by Congress was adopted and Congress 
divided the South into military districts each presided over 
by a military governor until the people of the several states 
should establish a government accepting the Constitution 
of the U. S., and especially amendments XIII and XIV. 

Under this plan, Tennessee came back into the Union, 
1865. 

In 1868, Alabama, Florida, Arkansas, Louisiana, North 
Carolina, and South Carolina, came back into the Union. 
Mississippi, Georgia- Texas and Virginia remained out until 
1870. 

In 1877, President Hayes, withdrew all Federal sol- 
diers from the South. This restored normal conditions and 
was the end of reconstruction in the South. 



29 

Territorial Expansion of the U. S. 



In 1783 the western boundary of the U. S. was the 
Mississippi River, and the southern boundary was Florida. 
Since then, territory has been added as follows: (1) Louis- 
iana, by purchase from Franch in 1803. <2) Florida, by 
purchase from Spain in 1819. (3) Oregon by exploration 
and settlement, 1832 to 1846. (4) Texas by annexation, in 
1845. (5) Mexican Cession, 1848. (6) Gadsen Purchase, 
from Mexico, in 1853. (7) Alaska, from Russia, by pur- 
chase in 1867. (8) Hawaii by annexation, in 1898. (9) 
Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, and Porto Rico by treaty 
with Spain' in 1898. (10) Tutuila, by treaty with Germany 
and Great Britain, 1890. Yirgin Islands in West Indies 
purchased from Denmark for $25,000,000 in 1917. 



Treaties 



Treaty of Eyswick in 1697, closed King William's War 
and provided for a mutual restoration of territory. 

Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 closed Queen Anne's War 
giving England Arcadia and the privilege of selling slaves 
in the Spanish Colonies. 

Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle closed King George's War 

1748. 

The Treaty of Paris, in 1763 closed the French and 
Indian War. By this treaty France ceded Canada and all 
her territory east of the Mississippi to England. Spain 
traded Florida to England for Cuba. 



30 

The Treaty of Versailles in 1783 closed the Revolution. 
By this treaty England recognized the independence of 
the U. S. 

Treaty of Ghent in 1814 closed the war of 1812. Its 
leading provision was peace. 

Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo (1848) closed the Mexi- 
can War. The Mexican cession of 522,568 square miles of 
territory was made to the U. S. for $15,000,000. 

Treaty of Paris (1899) closed the Spanish-American 
War. 

Treaty of Paris 1919, closed the war with Germany. 



Inventions 



In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin. It made 
slave labor more popular, increased the demand for slaves, 
led to the building of the great cotton mills of New Eng- 
land, and made cotton "King of the South." 

In 1807 Robert Fulton invented the first practical 
steamboat "The Clermont." This greatly increased trans- 
portation facilities, made a vast change in modes of travel, 
and greatly aided in the rapid settlement of the West. 
In 1819 * The Savannah" the first ocean steamship crossed 
the Atlantic. 

In 1834 Cyras McCormick invented the harvesting ma- 
chine. This invention made possible the harvesting of our 
large crops of wheat in the West. 

In 1844, Morse invented the Magnetic Telegraph. 
This invention is one of the greatest auxiliaries of com- 
merce. It overcomes distance, puts the most widely sep- 



31 

arated parts of the world in close touch, and broadens the 
sympathies of mankind. 

In 1846' Dr. Morton, of Boston, discovered Anaesthe- 
sia which is the production of artificial sleep by breathing 
the vapors of ether. By its use the most delicate surgical 
operations can be performed without pain. The value of 
this discovery is inestimable. 

In 1846, Elias Howe invented the sewing machine. It 
is one of the greatest labor saving machines. 

In 1876, A. G. Bell invented the telephone. Its influ- 
ences are about the same as the telegraph but more practi- 
cal and in more general use. 

Thomas A. Edison invented the phonograph, and in 
1879 instituted the electric light. 

In 1908, the Wright brothers invented the Aeroplane. 

Goodyear discovered the plan for making vulcanized 
India rubber. 

Hoe invented the modern printing press. 

Franklin invented the lightning rod and discovered 
the identity of electricity and lightning. 



Important Facts and Events 



Madison, Polk, Lincoln, McKinley and Wilson are 

called the war presidents, because a war was in progress 
during the administration of each. 

Washington, Jackson, Harrison, Taylor, Grant, and 
Garfield were military presidents, each being distinguished 
generals. 



32 

Tyler, Fillmore, Johnson, Arthur, and Kooseyelt, are 

the vice presidents that became presidents by the death of 
the president, Harrison, Taylor, Lincoln, Garfield, Mc- 
Kinley- respectively, having died in office. 



Debates 



The Webster-Hayne Debate 1830, grev/ out of a reso- 
lution offered by Mr. Foote, of Connecticut, in regard to 
the sale of public lands. The debate covered every phase 
of the question of States' Rights, and nullification. Mr. 
Webster's speech on this occasion closing v/ith the words 
"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and insepar- 
able," is the most eloquent plea ever delivered by an 
American, for the preservation of the Federal Union. 

The liincoln-Douglass Debate, occurred during the 
campaign for U. S. Senator in Illinois between its two 
distinguished citizens, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. 
Douglass. The subjects discussed were the Kansas-Ne- 
braska Bill and the Dred Scott Decision. They spoke 
from the same platform in each Congressional District, 
knd although Douglass won by a few votes, the tactics of 
Lincoln caused Douglass to make statements concerning 
the Dred Scott case that made him unpopular in the South 
and lost him the presidency. 



Ten Important Dates and Events 



1497. In this year, John Cabot discovered North Amer- 
ica and took possession of the country for Henry VII, 
King of England. This event gave England the ground 



33 

for colonizing America and led to the establishment of 
English language, culture, customs, and laws in North 
America. 

1607. This year marks the first permanent English 
settlement in America at Jamestown, Va. This settlement 
gave the English a foot-hold and around it grew the pros- 
perous and influential colony of Virginia. 

1776. Adoption of the Declaration of Independence. 
By this act the colonies separated from the mother coun- 
try. 

After this date- the American soldiers in the Revolu- 
tionary war were fighting not only for their rights as 
Englishmen, but for independence and self government. 
The Declaration of Independence created a new govern- 
ment with which foreign nations could treat. 

1787. The adoption of the Constitution of the United 
States. This marks the beginning of our national great- 
ness, completed the union among the states, and establish- 
ed our present form of Federal government. It made one 
nation out of thirteen. 

1791 witnessed the establishment of Hamilton's Finan- 
cial Policy. <See Dictionary of History.) This work of 
Hamilton's placed the credit and currency of the United 
States on a solid foundation, quieted much strife among 
the states, and developed the national spirit. 

1803. In this year Louisiana was purchased from 
France for $15,000' 000. It reached from the Mississippi to 
the Rocky mountains and almost doubled the area of our 
country. As events turned out in Europe, our purchase of 
this territory prevented England from getting it; it pre- 
vented disputes with other nations about this territory; 
it gave our country the very best part of North America, 
and the Mississippi river to boot. 



34 



1807. Robert Fulton invented the steamboat this year. 
This event greatly increased transportation facilities, made 
a vast change in modes of travel, and aided in the rapid 
settlement of the "West. 

1830. In this year, the steam railroad was introduced 
in the United States. The railroad provides rapid, cheap, 
and safe transportation facilities. It puts all parts of our 
country in close touch with each other, and is one of the 
greatest civilizers of modern times. 

1844. The invention of the telegraph by Morse in this 
year provided the long-felt need for immediate communica- 
tion over all distances. It eliminates time and distance 
in communications and affords safety for rapid transit. 

1861. This date marks the beginning of our great Civil 
War. This war settled some things of great importance to 
our national progress: (1) That national authority is 
greater than state authority. (2) That a state can not 
withdraw from the union. (3) That slavery should not 
exist in our country. (4) That the government at Wash- 
ington is supreme. 



Events by Periods 



I. Discovery and Exploration ( 1 492- 1 607 ) 

1492. Columbus discovered America. 

1497. John Cabot discovered North America. 

1540. Coronado explored the valley of the Colorado. 

II. Colonial Period (1607-1763) 

1607. Settlement of Jamestown. 

1619. Representative government established in Vir- 
ginia. 



35 

1643. Union of New England colonies. 
1752. Franklin discovered the identity of electricity 
and lightning. 

1754. Albany Convention. 

III. Revolutionary Period (1763-1789) 

1765. stamp Act passed by Parliament. 

1775. Second Continental Congress met at Philadel- 
phia. 

1776. Adoption of the Declaration of Independence. 

1777. Battle of Saratoga. 

1787. Adoption of the National Constitution. 
1789. The new government becomes operative. 

IV. Period of National Growth 

(1789-1830) 

1791. Adoption of Hamilton's financial Policy. 

1803. Louisiana Purchase. 

1807. Invention of Steamboat by Fulton. 

1823. The Monroe Doctrine. 

1825. Completion of Erie Canal. 

1830. First Steam Railroad in U. S. 

V. Period of Invention, Agitation and 

War (1830-1865) 

1834. Harvesting Machine invented by McCormick. 

1844. Invention of the telegraph by Morse. 

1846. Sewing Machine invented by Howe. 

1848. Mexican cession to the United States. 

1850. Omnibus Bill. 

1854. Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 

1857. Dred Scott Decision. 

1858. First Atlantic Cable laid by Field. 



36 



1859. John Brown's Raid. 

1862. Emancipation Proclamation. 

1863. Battle of Gettysburg. 
1865. Thirteenth Amendment. 



VI. Period of Consolidation and Expan- 
sion (18650 

1867. Purchase of Alaska. 

1893. World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. 

1898. War with Spain. 

1909. Discovery of North Pole by Peary. 

1915. Panama Canal completed. 

1917. War with Germany. 



Events by Administrations 



Washington (1789-1797.) 
1. Hamilton's financial policy adopted. 2. Cotton gin 
invented by Whitney. 3. Whiskey rebellion in Pennsyl- 
vania. 4. Indian wars in Ohio. 5. Jay's treaty. 6. 
Treaty with Spain. 

Adams (1797-1809.) 

1. Alien and Sedition laws. (2) War with France. 
3. X. Y. Z. papers. 4. Kentucky and Virginia resolution. 

Jefferson (1801-1809.) 
1. Purchase of Louisiana. 2. Lewis and Clark ex- 
pedition. 3. Death of Hamilton. 4. Steamboat invented 
by Fulton. 5. War with Tripoli. 6. Embargo and Non- 
Intercourse acts passed. 7. Slave trade abolished in 1808. 



37 

Madison (1809-1817.) 

1. Battle of Tippecanoe. 2. War with Great Britain. 
3. Hartford convention. 4. National bank re-chartered. 

Monroe (1817-1825.) 

1. Protective tariff established. 2. Purchase of Flor- 
ida from Spain. 3. Monroe doctrine announced. 4. Mis- 
souri compromise agreed upon. 5. Lafayete visited the 
United States. 

J. Q. Adams (1825-1829) 

1. High protective tariff law passed. 2. Internal im- 
provements. 3. Erie canal completed. 4. Temperance 
societies organized. 5 Death of Adams and Jefferson. 

Jackson (1829-1837) 

1. "Spoils System" inaugurated. 2. Nullification 
Acts of S. C. 3. Compromise tariff bill of 1833. 4. Web- 
ster-Hayne Debate. 5. U. S. Bank Bill Vetoed. 6. Spe- 
cie Circular issued. 7. McCormick Reaper invented. 
8. Railroad built. 9. Progress in literature. 

Tan Bnren (1837-1841.) 

1. Financial Panic of 1837. 2. Sub-Treasury Sys- 
tem established. 3. Rise of the Mormons. 

Harrison and Tyler (1841-1845.) 

1. Webster-Ashburton Treaty. 2. Dorr's Rebellion. 
3. Anti-Rent Difficulties in New York. 4. Making of 
ether by Dr. Morton. 5. Texas annexed. 6. Telegraph 
invented by Morse. 

James K. Polk (1845-1849) 

1. War with Mexico. 2. Territory acquired from 
Mexico. 3. Discovery of gold in California. 4. Sewing 
Machine invented by Howe. 



38 

Taylor-Fillmore (1849-1853.) 

1. Omnibus Bill. 2. Death of Taylor, Webster, Clay 
and Calhoun. 3. Department of the Interior added. 4. 
Publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

Pierce (1853-1857.) 

1. Gadsen Purchase. 2. Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 3. 
Republican Party organized. 4. Commercial relations es- 
tablished with Japan. 5. World's Fair at New York. 

Buchanan (1857-1861.) 
1. Dred Scott Decision. 2. John Brown's Raid. 3. 
Financial Panic. 4. Lincoln-Douglass Debate. 5. Seces- 
sion of States. 6. Steamer "Star of the West" fired upon. 

Lincoln (1861-1865.) 

1. Secession of States. 2. Civil War. 3. Emanci- 
pation proclamation. 4. National Banks established. 

Johnson (1865-1869.) 

1. Thirteenth Amendment made. 2. Fourteenth 
Amendment made. 3, States re-admitted. 4. Tenure of 
Office Act. 5. Impeachment of the President. 6. Atlan- 
tic Telegraph laid by Mr. Field. 7. Purchase of Alaska. 

Grant (1869-1877) 
1. Fifteenth Amendment made. 2. Alabama Claims 
settled. 3. North West Boundary established. 4. Finan- 
cial Panic. 5. Silver demonetized, 1873. 6. Credit Mo- 
bilier Fraud. 7. "Salary Grab Bill" passed and repealed. 
8. Centennial Anniversary. 

Hayes (1877-1881.) 
1. Withdrawal of soldiers from the South. 2. Specie 
payments resumed. 3. Bland Silver Bill passed over 
president's veto. 4. Mississippi Jetties constructed by 
Captain Eads. 5. Railroad Strikes. 



39 

Garfield-Arthnr (1881-1885.) 
1. Assassination of Garfield. 2. Civil Service Re- 
forms. 3. Anti-Polygamy Bill passed. 4. Washington's 
Monument completed. 6. Standard Time adopted. 7. 
Postage rates reduced. 

Cleveland (1885-1889.) 
1. Interstate Commerce Act. 2. Chinese Exclusion. 
3. Trouble with Chicago Anarchists. 4. Charleston earth- 
quake. 5. Presidential Succession Bill. 

Harrison (1889-1893.) 
1. Oklahoma opened to settlement. 2. Johnstown 
Flood. 3. Pan-American Congress. 4. Trouble with 
Italy. 5. Bering Sea Difficulty. 6. McKinley Tariff Bill 
passed. 7. Sherman Silver Bill passed. 

Cleveland (1893-1897) 
1. Business Depression of 1893. 2. Sherman Act re- 
pealed. 3. Wilson Tariff Bill passed. 4. Modern War- 
ships built. 5. World's Columbian Exposition. 

McKinley (1897-1901.) 

1. Gold found in Alaska. 2. Destruction of the bat- 
tleship, The Maine. 3. War with Spain. 4. Dingley 
Tariff Bill passed. 5. Territory secured from Spain. 6. 
Hawaii annexed. 7. Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. 
8. Samoan Treaty. 

Roosevelt (1901-1909.) 
1. Panama Canal begun. 2. Anthracite Coal Strike. 
3. Alaskan Boundary settled. 4. Department of Com- 
merce and Labor added as a cabinet office. 5. St. Louis 
Exposition. 6. Irregularities in Life Insurance Companies 
found. 7. Earthquake at San Francisco. 8. Cuba occu- 
pied by U. S. troops. 9. Trouble with Japan concerning 
schools in San Francisco. 10. Election of Taft. 11. Aer- 
ial Navigation. 



40 

Taft (1909-1913) 

1. Discovery of North Pole by Peary. 2. Payne- 
Aldrich Tariff Bill. 3. Admission of New Mexico and 
Arizona. 4. Movements for the promotion of interna- 
tional peace. 5. Income Tax Amendment. 

Wilson (1913-1921.) 

1. Underwood Tariff Bill passed. 2. Establishment 
of National Reserve Banks. 3. XVI Amendment permit- 
ting the taxing of incomes. 4. XVII Amendment chang- 
ing method of electing United States Senators, ratified. 
5. Parcels Post system established. 6. Trouble with 
Mexico. 7. Purchase of Virgin Islands. 8. War with 
Germany. 9. XVIIIth, the prohibition amendment adopt- 
ed. 10. The XlXth, the equal suffrage amendment. 

Harding (1921—) 



Men of the Colonial Period (1607^1776) 



William Penn, the greatest of the Quakers was many 
times thrown into prison for his religious belief. He ob- 
tained Pennsylvania from Chrales II in payment of an 
old debt. In founding the new colony (1681), Penn prom- 
isel self-government and religious freedom to all Chris- 
tians who came under his control. To get a better outlet 
to the sea, he acquired from the Duke of York the lower 
counties on the Delaware, which afterwards became the 
State of Delaware. 

Captain John Smith' an Englishman, enlisted in the 
Austrian army against the Turks. He was taken prisoner 
and sold as a slave. Killing his master, he escaped to 
England and joined the emigrants to Virginia. He ex- 



41 

plored and named New England, and at many times was 
of great service to the settlement at Jamestown. 

William Bradford was one of the early governors of 
Plymouth. He was so popular that he was re-elected an- 
nually for 30 years. 

John Endicott and John Winthrop were noted gover- 
nors of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Both were of the 
most prominent and influential citizens of the colony. 

Roger Williams came to Boston about 1631. He be- 
lieved in religious liberty. The Puritans of Boston did not; 
in this they differed from the Pilgrims. Roger Williams 
was banished from the settlement by the Puritans on ac- 
count of his liberal views. In the dead of winter he went 
to the home of Massasoit in Rhode Island. He founded the 
settlement of providence and later united all the colonies 
of what is now Rhode Island into one colony, free from 
intolerance. 

Berkeley was appointed governor of Virginia by both 
Charles I and Charles II of England. He opposed free 
schools, the publication of newspapers, and for a time, 
abolished representative government in the Colony. 

Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy Virginia planter, was a 
noted leader against the Indians. He hated tyranny and 
consequently became the rival and enemy of Governor Ber- 
keley. Under his leadership, representative government 
was restored, the "Bacon Laws" enacted, and the tyrant 
Berkeley driven from Jamestown. Bacon's Rebellion and 
King Phillip's War occurred 100 years before the Revolu- 
tion. 

Governor Dunmore, the last colonial governor of Vir- 
ginia carried the Dunmore War against the Indians to a 
successful termination. He was succeeded in office by 



42 

Patrick Henry, the first governor of the State after the 
Declaration of Independence. 

Benjamin Franklin, the printer boy of Boston, the self- 
taught sage of Philadelphia' the philosopher, the statesman, 
the philanthropist, was the conspicuous figure of col- 
onial times and one of the greatest national benefactors 
of revolutionary times. He discovered the identity of 
electricity and lightning, invented the lightning rod, wrote 
many books of literary merit, was minister of the United 
States at London and Paris, and secured the aid of France 
in 1778, and was the balance wheel of the constitutional 
convention. As a diplomat he had no superior. He died 
in 1790. 



Men of Revolutionary Period ( 1 776-1 789) 



John Hancock was a native of Massachusetts. He was 
a graduate of Harvard and became a wealthy merchant. 
He was president of the Colonial Congress, 1774, and of the 
Continental Congress, 1775-77. Was governor of Massa- 
chusetts several times. His popularity and eloquence is 
as well known as his bold signature to the Declaration of 
Independence. 

Samuel Adams, the "Father of the Revolution," was 
one of the earliest advocates of American independence. 
He was a conspicuous member of the Continental Con- 
gress, and was considered the fountain of the more im- 
portant measures of that body. He was a scholar and an 
orator. 

Robert Morris, the "Financier of the Revolution," was 
born in England, but espoused the American cause. His 
patriotic use of his private fortune often saved the country 



43 



from bankruptcy. He had entire control of the finances of 
the United States from 1781 to 1784. He was a member 
of the Constitutional Convention, later a United States 
Senator, and died in 1806 in a debtor's prison. 

Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804) was born in the West 
Indies. He entered the American army in 1776- became a 
member of Washington's staff, and later his private secre- 
tary. He favored and ably defended the federal Constitu- 
tion. He was the first Secretary of the Treasury, proposed 
and planned the first National bank, and placed the credit 
of the United States on a firm basis. 

George Rogers Clark, the "American Hannibal," was 
sent by Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, in 1778, to 
wrest the North West Territory from the British. He was 
entirely successful and captured Governor Hamilton, of 
Canada, at Vincennes. This expedition gave the North 
West Territory, embracing the present states of Ohio, 
Indiana, llinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, to the United 
States. This territory was the origin of public lands in 
the United States. 

]N'athan Hale, a young graduate of Yale College, was 
sent as a spy by General Washington into the British 
camps on Long Island. He obtained the desired informa- 
tion unsuspected' and was just embarking for the Ameri- 
can army when he was detected, tried, and executed as a 
spy. His last words were, "I only regret that I have but 
one life to give to my country." 

Patrick Henry, of Virginia, was one of the greatest 
orators and statesmen of Revolutionary times. He oppos- 
ed the Federal Constitution, but used all his energies to 
give it a fair trial and to make the new government a 
success. His speech before the Virginia Convention com- 
"pares favorably with Webster's or Clay's best efforts. He 
died in 1799. 



44 

George Washington (1733-1799), the popular hero of 
American independence was born in Virginia. He v/as not 
a thorough scholar but became skilled in practical mathe- 
matics. He served as surveyor for Lord Fairfax, took ac- 
tive part in the French and Indian War, and had the faith, 
patience, judgment, military skill, and firmness necessary 
to carry the Revolution to a successful termination. As 
president of the Constitutional Convention, he exercised 
rare tact and judgment in bringing all factions to an 
agreement on the essentials of a fundamental law. 

As president, he exhibited the same qualities of leader- 
ship and executive abilities that characterized his military 
career. When we take in consideration the state of the 
country in 1789, the advance in prosperity and the uniform 
success attending his efforts in improving the financial, 
social, and political conditions of the people- seem phen- 
omenal. Washington declined a third term, issued his 
famous farewell address, and retired to his home at Mount 
Vernon. 



Men of the National Period (1789-1922) 



Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), an American scholar, 
statesman, author of the Declaration of Independence and 
the Ordinance of '87, Secretary of State, and the third 
president of the U. S., was born in Virginia. His entire 
life was one of public service. He has served our country 
in almost every capacity and was eminently successful 
in all. His part in the writing and adopting of the Dec- 
laration of Independence, and the purchase of Lonisiana 
(1803) gives evidence of his advanced ideas of states- 
manship. As president, he served the people as many 
have done, and honored and respected them as few have 



45 



done. His most notable service was the impressing of 
democratic ideals upon American government and society. 

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), an American general, 
statesman, and the seventh president of the United States, 
was born in North Carolina but during his public career, 
was a citizen of Tennessee. He was a lawyer, representa- 
tive in Congress- U. S. Senator, General in the war of 1812, 
and his election to the presidency in 1828 marks an epoch 
in U. S. History, as he was the first real representative 
of the "common people." 

Jackson vetoed the U. S. Bank charter, introduced the 
"spoils system," applied economy and justice in the ad- 
ministration of government, championed sound finance, 
and paid all the national debt. 

Like Henry Clay, his school advantages were limited, 
yet he had the ability to do things, and with vigor and 
discretion. Jackson is one of the most forceful personali- 
ties in American history. 

Henry Clay (1777-1852), was a native of Virginia, but 
moved to Lexington, Ky. 1797 where he resided till his 
death. He was elected U. S. Senator in 1806, served in the 
lower House of Congress from 1811 to 1821 during which 
time he was speaker, was Secretary of State under John 
Quincy Adams, served as U. S. Senator from 1831 to 1842 
and again from 1848 until his death. He was an unsuc- 
cessful candidate for the presidency in 1824, 1832, and 
1848. Though he received very little education in schools 
of any kind, he was one of America's greatest orators and 
statesmen. 

Henry Clay's greatest works are his three great com- 
promise measures: "The Missouri Compromise," "The Tar- 
iff Compromise of 1833" and "The Omnibus Bill" (1850.) 
His untiring efforts in securing the passage of these bills 



46 



allaying sectional strife- gives him the title of the "Great 
Pacificator." 

John Marshall (1755-1835) a native of Virginia, was 
one of our greatest lawyers and jurists. Just at the close 
of John Adams' administration, he was appointed chief 
justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, which 
position he held for more than 30 years. His decisions are 
standard authority on all questions involving constitution- 
al law, and his influence in developing a strong national 
government is not surpassed by any other man. 

Sam Houston (1793-1863) was a scout soldier, and 
political leader. He was Commander in Chief of the Texan 
force in her struggle for independence. He led the war to 
a successful termination at San Jacinto, where the Texans 
gained their independence. He was the chief agent in 
bringing about the annexation of Texas by the United 
States. 

George Peabody was an English Banker of American 
birth. At a great risk in 1837 he sustained American 
credit by purchasing American securities. He gave his 
home town, Danvers, Mass., $20,000 for the promotion of 
knowledge; he founded the Peabody Institute at Baltimore 
at a cost of $1,400,000; he gave Yale and Harvard each 
$150,000, and for promoting education in the south, he 
gave $3,500,000 in 1869. He died in 1869, and was buried 
at Danvers. 

John C. Calhoun was one of the ablest and most pa- 
triotic statesman of the south. He served as United States 
Senator from South Carolina- Secretary of War, Secretary 
of State, and Vice President under Jackson. He will be 
remembered as an orator, a statesman, and an uncorrupt- 
ible patriot, above reproach. 



47 

Peter Cooper, of New York, was an inventor, a manu- 
facturer, and a philanthropist. He built the first Ameri- 
can locomotive, 1840; he built and provided for the main- 
tenance of the Cooper Union, New York. He died in 1883. 

Daniel Boone was born in Pennsylvania, 1734, and died 
in Missouri in 1820. He lived in North Carolina and later 
jnoved to the wilds of Kentucky. He induced a large body 
of immigrants to locate in Kentucky and helped defend 
them against the Indians. He was captured by the In- 
dians several times, and had many hair-breadth escapes. 
His farm in Kentucky was taken from him by the govern- 
ment of the United States, and he moved to the Great 
Kanawha valley, below Charleston, where he lived several 
years. Later he moved to Missouri to get "elbow room." 
He was the best type of frontiersmen. Other noted from- 
tiersmen were Lewis Wetzel, Andrew Poe, Kenton, Girty, 
Zane and McCollough. 

Daniel Webster, the greatest American orator, was 
five years younger than Henry Clay, but both died the 
same year, 1852. His Bunker Hill oration, debate with 
Hayne, "7th of March speech" in favor of the Omnibus 
Bill, stand alone in American oratory as masterpieces in 
diction, logic, and eloquence, while his speech before the 
Supreme Court in the Dartmouth college case in behalf of 
the college, and against the State of New Hampshire, easily 
places him in the front rank as an expounder of constitu- 
tional law. Mr. Webster was in public life from 1813 to his 
death. Though born in New Hampshire, he lived in Massa- 
chusetts and represented that State in both houses of 
Congress. He served as Secretary of State several terms. 

Stephen A. Douglas (1813-1861) was for many terms 
representative and United States Senator from llinois. He 
was a leader and one of the most ready and fluent debaters 
in Congress. He bitterly opposed secession in 1860. In 



48 



the election that year, although there were two democratic 
candidates for the presidency, Mr. Douglass received with- 
in 500,000 votes as many as Lincoln. 

Cyrus West Field (1819-1892) organized an Atlantic 
telegraph company. Attempts were made to lay a cable to 
Europe in 1857 and 1858. Peter Cooper joined the company 
and in 1866 the first successful Atlantic cable was laid 
from Trinity Bay, Nev/foundland, to Valencia Bay, Ireland- 
by the "Great Eastern." His life was devoted to this line 
of work. 

John Brown, an American abolitionist, was born 1800, 
died 1859. He planned the John Brown Raid, intended to 
free the slaves by arming them in opposition to the gov- 
ernment. His raid at Harper's Ferry ended disastrously 
to him, though it may have hastened the Civil War. He 
was tried, condemned, and executed at Charles Town for 
treason and murder. He was a native of Connecticut, but 
lived in Kansas. 

Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) the sixteenth president 
of the United States, was born in Kentucky. At the age of 
seven, he moved with his family to Indiana, and later, 1829, 
to New Salem, 11., where he studied law and surveying. 
He spent but one year in school and this was four miles 
away. His life is an exemplification of what a young man 
can do by industry, honesty, perseverance, and effort. At 
the age of 23' he was elected to the legislature of 111., in 
which body he served four terms. He practiced law at 
Springfield from 1836 to 1846, when he was elected to rep- 
resent his district in Congress. In 1858 occurred the mem- 
orable contest between Lincoln and Douglass for a seat 
in the U. S. Senate. Douglass won, but Lincoln's wis- 
dom, sound judgment, and convincing argument in that 
campaign, made him so popular that, in 1860, he was 
nominated and elected president of the U. S. His study of 



49 



V/eem's Life of Washington, and his visit to the slave 
market at New Orleans, each exerted great influence on 
his life and political views. 

Thomas A. Edsson was born at Milan, 0., 1847. His 
mother taught him to read. A station agent whose child 
he had rescued from a passing train, taught him tele- 
graphy. He soon became a skillful operator and was 
employed by the Western Union Telegraph Co., when he 
began the series of inventions that made him famous. He 
built laboratories at Menlo Park, N. J., and at Orange, N. 
J. He has taken out about 500 patents. 

The Mcrophone, Phonograph, Incandescent lamp* and 
Kinetoscope are among his most noted inventions. His 
inventions now give employment to more than a million 
people. 



Others 



other well known statesmen were, O. P. Morton, of 
Indiana; J. A. Brough of Ohio; Wade Hampden, of South 
Carolina; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under 
Jefferson; W, L. Marcy, of New York, author of the "Spoils 
System;" Robert Y. Hayne, of South Carolina; Charles 
Sumner, of Massachusetts; Lewis Cass, of Michigan; B. 
Grantz Brown and T. H. Benton of Missouri. 

Clay, Calhoun, Webster, Seward, Blaine, Olney, and 
John Hay were noted secretaries of state. 

Hamilton, Gallatin, Walker, Chase, Sherman and Mc- 
Adoo were noted secretaries of the treasury. 



50 

Women of History 



Clara Barton, originator and first president of the 
American Red Cross Society, was born 1826. She aided in 
the Civil war, Franco-Prussion war, and the war with 
Spain. No person has done more to mitigate suffering. 

Trances E. "Willard, born 1839, was an educator, a pub- 
lic speaker and one of the founders of the Prohibition 
party. Her life was identified with the Yi. C. T. U., being 
its president from 1879 to her death. 

Mollie Stark, Elizabeth Zane, Mrs. Dustin, Harriet 
Beecher Stowe, Ella Flagg Young and Belva Lockwood 
were prominent characters. 



Noted Indians 



Powhatan, of Virginia; King Philip of Massachusetts; 
Logan, the Mingo chief; Massasoit- of New England; Osce- 
ola, Pontiac, Tecumseh, and Sitting Bull, were noted 
chieftains. 



51 

DICTIONARY OF HISTORY 



Alabama Claims were made by the United States 
against Great Britain for damages done American com- 
merce by the Alabama and other Confederate warships 
fitted out in English ports. The differences were settled 
by arbitration, at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1872. The ar- 
bitrators, C. F. Adams, of the United States; Judge Cock- 
burn, of England; Count Schlopsis, of Italy, Staempfll, of 
Switzerland, and Itajuba, of Brazil, awarded the United 
States $15,500-000, which sum was promptly paid by Great 
Britain. 

Albany Conyentioii met at Albany 1754. Its purpose 
was to take steps for protection against French encroach- 
ments. Franklin proposed a plan of union for the colonies 
but it was rejected by both the king and the colonies. 

Alien Laws passed in John Adams' administration, em- 
powered the president to send out of the country any for- 
eigner suspected of wielding bad influences against the 
peace and prosperity of the U. S. 

American System — The protective tariff. 

Anarchist — A person opposed to all government. 

Andre — A British agent who negotiated a treasonable 
contract with Benedict Arnold and who was captured and 
executed. 

Anti-rent difficulties occurred in New York in 1844. 
The cause was the tenure by which lands of the old Pa- 
troon estates were held and rented. The Anti-renters won. 

Armistice. A brief suspension of hostilities by agree- 
ment. It is commonly granted to consider terms of peace. 



52 

Atlantic Cable — After several unsuccessful attempts, 
this cable was laid (1866) by Cyrus W. Field from Heart's 
Content, Newfoundland to Valentia Bay Ireland. 

Articles of Confederation adopted in 1777, did not go 
into effect until 1781 and was superseded by tbe constitu- 
tion in 1789. As it provided for no executive nor judicial 
department, it was a failure. Under it, Congress could de- 
clare anything, but could do nothing. 

Bering Sea Dispute with Great Britain in regard to 
catching seals iji the Bering Sea was settled by Arbitra- 
tion in 1893. 

Books influencing our history — "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 
Sinclairs "The Jungle," "The Oregon Trail," "Eigelow 
Papers," "Common Sense," "The Federalist." 

Blue Laws — ^A libelous production of Rev. Peters 
against the laws of Conn. There were no Blue Laws. 

Bolsheviki — A word meaning "the majority." The 
term is applied to the socialistic element of Russia who, 
under the leadership of Lenine and Trotzky, assumed con- 
trol of the government, and concluded a treaty of peace 
with the Germans at Brest-Litovsk in 1918. 

Bonhomme Eicliard — Flagship of John Paul Jones. 

Boston Tea Party — A public indignation meeting in 
Boston against the "tax on tea." It resulted in the de- 
struction of $100,000 worth of tea in Boston Harbor. 

Burgess — Name of members of legislative body of 
Virginia in colonial times. 

Cabinet — ^W^ashington's. Secretary of State, Jefferson; 
Secretary of Treasury* Hamilton; Secretary of "War, Knox; 
Attorney General, Randolph. 



53 

Carpenter's Hall is in Philadelphia. It was the meet- 
ing place of the first Continental Congress. 

Carpet-Baggers were men from the Northern states 
who went to the Southern states after the war in order to 
get offices. This was made possible by a Federal law dis- 
qualifying Southern white men from holding office. 

Cayaliers— Supporters of the King of England. 

Chinese Exclusion Law (1882) forbid the admission of 
Chinese laborers. 

Ciyil Rights Bill (1865) guaranteed the civil rights of 
citizenship to the negroes. 

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty made by the U. S., and G. B., 
provided that any canal across the Central American 
isthmus, should be neutral. 

Clermont — The first steamboat. 

Conway Cabal— A conspiracy headed by Thos. Conway 
to deprive Washington of the command of the army and 
substitute Gen. Gates. At one time, a majority of Congress 
sympathized with the movement. 

Civil Service Reform— A reform in our civil service 
which embodies the principle that "no dismissal shall be 
made except for cause, and no appointment or promotion 
made except for merit." The assassination of Garfield by 
a disappointed office seeker, hastened the reform. 

Collges— Harvard at Cambridge, (1636) ; Yale, at New 
Haven (1700) ; William and Mary, Virginia (1692) ; Prince- 
ton, New Jersey (1746); Columbia, New York, (1751); 
Brown (1746) ; Dartmouth, New Hampshire (1764.) 

Committee of Correspondence.— Committees appointed 
in the colonies just before the Revolutionary war to keep 



54 



neighboring towns and other colonies posted as to what 
was being done in regard to opposition to British oppres- 
sion. 

Contraband of war — Anything that may be used by the 
enemy in waging war. 

Credit Molbelier — A company organized to construct 
the Union Pacific R. R. Members of Congress were ac- 
cused of graft in connection with this company, (1872). 

Custom Honse — A place where U. S. duties are col- 
lected. 

DaOama — A Portuguese explorer who was first to 
roach India by an all sea route. 

Declaration of Independence drafted by Jefferson, 
Franklin, Adams, Sherman and Livingston- and adopted 
July 4, 1776. 

Declaration of Bights — A declaration adopted by the 
Stamp Act Congress, asserting the rights of the people as 
Englishmen. 

Dorr's Eefcellion — A disturbance in Rhode Island over 
an attempt to change the government of the state. The 
new party led by T. W. Dorr was finally defeated (1842.) 

Dred Scott Decision — In the "Dred Scott Case" Dred 
Scott was plaintiff and his master was defendant. The 
case was carried to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice 
Taney decided against Dred Scott, and declared that as 
the negro is not and cannot become a citizen, he can not 
sue nor be sued. He further declared the Missouri Com- 
promise unconstitutional, Dred Scott was later set free 
by his master. Judge Taney had freed his slaves long 
before. 



55 

Electoral Commission — ^A commission appointed by an 
act of Congress, January, 1877, to investigate and decide 
as to the returns of electoral votes from Louisiana, Florida, 
South Carolina and Oregon. The commitee consisted of 
5 representatives, 5 U. S. Senators, and 5 justices of the 
Supreme Court. The commission was made up of 8 re- 
publicans and 7 democrats. On every point raised, the 
members divided on strict party lines. By giving all the 
electoral votes of the four states in question to Hayes, he 
was declared elected over Tilden by one vote. 

Electoral College — The presidential electors of all the 
states taken together. 

Emancipation Proclamation v/as issued by President 
Lincoln as a war measure. It freed all the slaves in states 
or parts of states in rebellion, January 1, 1863. 

Embargo Act of 1807 forbade the departure of any 
vessel from an American to a foreign port. Its object 
was to punish England and France. The measure was so 
unpopular in New England that it was remodeled by the 
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809- which removed all restric- 
tions on commerce except with England and Prance. 

Entente means an understanding between nations. By 
the "Entente" in the late war, we mean Great Britain, 
France and Italy. 

Expositions— (1) Crystal Palace, Nev/ York, 1853. (2) 
Centennial, Philadelphia, 1876. (3) World's Fair, Chicago, 
1893. (4) St. Louis Exposition, 1904. (5) Jamestown, 
1907. (6) Alaska- Yukon, 1909. (7) Panama-Pacific, 1915. 

Expunging Resolution. The Senate by resolution cen- 
sured president Jackson for removing government money 
from the U. S. Bank and placing it in state banks. Thomas 
H. Benton introduced a resolution that the action of the 



56 



Senate be expunged from the records. His resolution car- 
ried and is called the "Expunging Resolution." 

Faneuil Hall— "The Cradle of Liberty," Boston. 

Federalist — A series of articles writen by Hamilton, 
Jay, and Madison and published in a New York Journal, 
stating why the Constitution should be adopted. 

Flag — The "Stars and Stripes" was adopted as a na- 
tional flag, June 14, 1777. At first- a new stripe as well as 
a new star, was added when a new state was admitted; 
but later, the number of stripes was fixed at 13, — seven 
red and six white. 

"Fifty-four forty or fight," the cry of 1846, meaning 
that we must have all of the Oregon territory to 54 degrees, 
40 minutes, or fight England for it. 

Franklin, State of — A state planned by the people of 
western N. C, 1784, occupying what is now Tennessee. It 
was never recognized by Congress. 

Free Trade and Sailors Eights was a demand made by 
the people just before the war of 1812. "Free trade" 
meant the privilege to trade with any country we wished. 
"Sailors rights" meant that our sailors should be protected 
from impressment. 

Fngutiye Slave Law — A law passed in 1850, providing 
that slaves escaping into free states, should be arrested 
and returned to their owners. 

Gadsen Purchase — The purchase in 1853, of that part 
of Arizona south of Gila river. 

Gag rules — Rules adopted by Congress refusing to re- 
ceive or read petitions on the slavery question. 



57 

Grand Model was an elaborate and unsuccessful plan 
for the government of the Carolinas. It was written by 
Locke and Shaftesbury. 

Great Law was William Penn's plan for the govern- 
ment of Pennsylvania. It provided (1) for religious toler- 
ation, (2) for the industrial training of children over 12 
years of age, (3) for reducing the death penalty to two 
offenses — ^murder and treason. (4) for the conversion of 
prisons into reform schools where trades were taught. 

Hall of Fame — A hall on the grounds of the Univer- 
sity of New York, erected to the memory of famous Amer- 
icans. The colonnade 400 feet long- contains 150 panels, 
2 feet by 6 feet, each to bear the name of a famous Ameri- 
ican. At the beginning (1900), fifty names were inscribed 
with provisions for five additional names every five years, 
so that by the year 2000, the 150 inscriptions will be com- 
pleted. Nominations may be made by the public, seconded 
by the Senate of the University, after which they are sub- 
mitted to a board of 100 judges made up of eminent citi- 
zens of whom at least 50 must ratify the nominations, 
before inscriptions are made. 

Hamilton's Financial Policy provided (1) for the 
funding of the national debt, (2) for the assumption of the 
state debts by the general government, (3) for the redemp- 
tion of the continental money at par (4) for the establish- 
ment of a national bank, (5) for a protective tariff. Con- 
gress legalized all these policies. 

Hartford Convention (1814) was called by some lead- 
ing Federalists of New England, who opposed the war of 
1812. Delegates from the New England states held secret 
meetings for three weeks at Hartford, Conn. Their pro- 
ceedings were never published. They recommended 
Amendments to the Constitution similar to the Virginia 



58 



and Kentucky resolutions. It killed the Federalist party. 

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty — A treaty between the U. S. 
and Great Britain negotiated in 1901 recognizing the right 
of the U. S. to construct, own, and control a canal across 
the isthmus of Panama thus superseding the Clayton-Bul- 
wer Treaty of 1850. 

Henry Letters — Letters which John Henry of Canada, 
sold to James Madison, for $50,000, and which- he claimed 
would prove that the New England states were trying to 
withdraw from the union, to be annexed to Canada. 

Hessians — Mercenary soldiers of Germany, hired by 
the British to fight the colonists in the Revolution. 

Hig-her Law — "The Divine law of justice and freedom" 
referred to in a speech against the Fugutive Slave Law, 
by W. H. Seward. 

House of Burgesses was the first representative legis- 
lative assembly to convene in America. Its first meeting 
was at Jamestown, Virginia, 1619. This House of Bur- 
gesses was a training school for Virginia Statesmen. "Wash- 
ington, Madison, Jefferson, R. H. Lee, Patrick Henry, Ben- 
jamin Harrison, and Edmund Randolph had served as 
members. 

Huguenots — French protestants. Many of them settled 
in Carolina. 

Interstate Commerce Act — An act of Congress regulat- 
ing commerce between states. 

Intolerable Acts hastening the Revolution were "Stamp 
Act," 1765; "Declaratory Act," asserting the right to bind 
the colonies in all cases; "Townshend Acts," legalizing the 
"Writs of Assistance," and adding taxes on certain ar- 
ticles; "Tax on Tea-" "Boston Port Bill," closing the port 



59 

of Boston; "Quebec Act," adding colonial territory to the 
province of Quebec; "Transportation Act," providing for 
transportation of persons charged with murder to England 
for trial; and the "Quartering Act," legalizing the quar- 
tering of British soldiers among the colonists. 

Independence Hall, Philadelphia, is where the Decla- 
ration of Independence was adopted. 

Jay's Treaty — It was a treaty of amity with Great 
Britain. It was agreed that the British evacuate the forts 
in the North West, and that the U. S. pay certain debts 
due British citizens. 

Jesuits — Catholic missionaries among the Indians. 
Chief among them were Eliot, Marquette, and LaSalle. 

Kansas-Jfebraska Bill was passed in 1854. It provided 
for the organization of the territories of Kansas and Ne- 
braska with, or without slavery, as the people might de- 
termine. It repealed the Missouri Compromise. 

Kosciusko — A Polish patriot that aided the Americans 
In the Revolution. 

Kearsarge — The vessel that sunk the Alabama off the 
coast of France. 

Kitchen Cabinet — A term applied to certain persons 
who were consulted by president Jackson often, and who 
had more influence with him, than his Cabinet. 

Ku-Klux-Klan was a political organization in the 
Southern states after the Civil war. Its purpose was to 
terrify the negroes and to intimidate the Carpet-Baggers. 

Lewis and Clark Expedition — An expedition headed by 
Lewis and Clark to explore Louisiana. 



60 



Liiberator — An anti-Slavery paper published in Boston 
by W. L. Garrettson. 

London Company — An association of business men and 
others of London to found a colony in America. 

Mayflower Compact was a plan of government for the 
Plymouth colony, drawn up and signed by the Pilgrims 
in the cabin of the Mayflower. 

Military Academy is located at West Point, New York. 

Mecklenberg Declaration (Resolution) v/as passed by 
the County Committee of Mecklenberg county, North Caro- 
lina, May 31, 1775. It declared that the Colonial Congress- 
es and the Continental Congress v/ere the supreme au- 
thorities in America. 

Missouri Compromise provided for the admission of 
Missouri as a slave state, and that slavery should not 
exist north or west of Missouri. 

Monroe Doctrine (1823) in substance announced (1) 
that the American colonies are not subject to future colon- 
ization by any European power- (2) that any attempt of 
the "Holy Allies" to extend their sj^stem to America v/ould 
be considered as an unfriendly act, (3) that the United 
States will not m.eddle in the affairs of Europe, England 
early took the side of the United States and recognized 
the independence of the South American states. 

It was enforced by President Johnson in Mexico, in 
1867, and by Grover Cleveland in the controversy between. 
England and Venezuela. 

Mormons — A religious sect founded in New York (1827) 
by Joseph Smith, who claimed to have received the "Book 
of Mormon" from an angel. They located in Ohio, moved 
to Missouri, then back to Nauvoo, 111., and later across 



61 

the desert to Great Salt Lake, and founded Salt Lake City, 
which is the center of Mormonism to-day. 

Mound Builders — A prehistoric race, v/hich dwelt in 
America. 

Mugwumps — A branch of the republican party, that 
opposed Blaine in 1884. 

Mutiny Act provided that the colonies should provide 
food and shelter for the British soldiers stationed among 
them. 

K'ational Constitution was the outcome (1) of the 
Annapolis convention, which tried to regulate commerce 
among the states, and (2) of the ineffectiveness of the Ar- 
ticles of Confederation. The constitutional convention 
met at Philadelphia, with George Washington as Presi- 
dent, and Madison, Hamilton, Jefferson- Franklin, Patter- 
son, Rufus King, John Dickinson, C. C. Pinckney, John 
Rutledge and G. Morris as distinguished members. 

]^&\al Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. 

Jfavigation Lav/s passed during the reign of Cromwell, 
forbade the colonists to send goods out of the colony ex- 
cept in English vessels, bound for England, or to purchase 
foreign goods not brought over in English vessels. The 
laws were passed by Parliament. 

Kon-Intercourse Act— (See Embargo Act.) 

New England Confederacy— A union of the colonies of 
Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Hav- 
en, in 1643, for protection against the Indians and the 
encroachments of the Dutch. Rhode Island and Maine 
were refused admission on account of religious differences. 



62 

North West Territory — The territory now embraced by 
Obio, Indiana, Illinois, Micbigan and Wisconsin. 

!N'ullification Act of S. C. — Laws passed by South Caro- 
lina, nullifying the high tariff laws of 1828. The act was 
unconstitutional. 

Omnibus Bill — A law passed 1850 providing that Cali- 
fornia should be admitted as a free state; that the slave 
trade be abolished in the District of Columbia; and that 
runaway slaves should be returned to their owners. 

Ordinance of 1787 was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, 
and adopted by Congress as a plan for the government of 
the North West Territory. 

Oregon Territory embraced the present states of Ore- 
gon, Washington and Idaho. 

Panama Canal — In 1902 Congress purchased the French 
franchise for a canal for $40,000,000 and later bought the 
strip 10 miles wide along the route of the canal, from the 
new Republic of Panama for $10,000,000. A lock canal 
•was completed in 1915 at a cost of about $450,000,000. 

Pan American Congress met at Vv^ashington, D. C, 
1889. All the American States were represented. The 
object was to secure better commercial relations between 
American republics. 

Pilgrims — A part of the Puritans that left England, 
went to Holland, and later, came to America. 

Protective Tariff — A tariff levied on imported goods to 
protect American products. 

Puritans — A religious denomination of England. 

Quebec Act^ — An act of Parliament annexing much of 
the territory west of the Alleghenies, to Quebec- Canada. 



63 

Quartering Act — (See "Intolerable Acts.") 

Quaker Guns — Wooden cannon on the defenses about 
Richmond to deceive the Federal Army. 

Kegicides — The judges that condemned Charles I. 

Eed Cross Society — An international society organized 
Oct. 26, 1863, at Geneva, Switzerland. Its object is to miti- 
gate the cruelties and suffering of war. The Red Cross 
now ministers to the sufferers in time of peace as well as 
in time of war. Their work with the wounded and disabled 
soldiers on the Western Front in the late war with Ger- 
many and Austria can not be overestimated. Throughout 
the great "Flu" epidemic of 1918, the Red Cross Society 
rendered inestimable service. Their organized effort gets 
results. 

Reiclistag — The legislative branch of the late German 
government. Since Germany has become a republic, the 
reichstag has passed out of existence. 

Rotation in Office — The plan introduced by Jackson, 
of filling government positions with political friends. It 
was based on the principle that "to the victors belong the 
spoils." 

San Jacinto — Battle at which the Texans gained their 
independence. Also the name of the steamer that took 
Mason and Slidell off the Trent. See "Trent Affair." 

Sedition Laws made it a crime for any one to utter or 
publish anything false or malicious against the govern- 
ment, the President, or Congress. 

Senatorial Trio— Webster, Clay and Calhoun. 

Separatists — English Puritans that left the Established 
Church of England and worshipped in private places. 



64 



Sliay's Eebellioii (1786-87) was an uprising in Massa- 
chusetts among the farmers who were made poor by the 
war, and who in for<ie surrounded court houses and put an 
end to legal actions for debt The rebellion was led by 
Daniel Shays. It took United States troops to suppress 
the outbreak. Shay's Rebellion marks an epoch in United 
States history, and was an object lesson of the need of 
union among the states. 

Specie Circular was issued by President Jackson, and 
demanded that all revenues from sale of public lands 
should be paid in coin. The financial panic of 1837, is, in 
part, attributed to this circular. 

Steps Toward Union and ^N'ationalism (a) New England 
Confederacy, 1643; (b) Albany Convention, 1754; (c) Con- 
tinental Congress' 1775-76; (d) Annapolis Convention to 
regulate commerce on the waters between Virginia and 
Maryland, 1786; (e) Constitutional Convention, 1787. 

Spoils System — (See Rotation in office.) 

Sub-Treasury Bill was v/ritten by Van Buren and pass- 
ed by Congress. It provided that the government manage 
its own finances. It is the system now in use and super- 
seded the United States Bank plan. 

Squatter Sovereignty — The right of the people of a 
territory to decide in regard to slavery. 

Star of tlie West — U. S. Steamer carrying supplies to 
Fort Sumpter. It was fired upon by citizens of the south, 
1861. 

Starving Time — The winter of 1609-1610, in Virginia, 
after John Smith returned to England. It was brought 
about by idleness, disorder, hostility of the Indians, and 
by the failure of those in authority to take John Smith's 



65 

advice. By the Spring of 1610, only 60 of the 500 settlers 
were alive. This sixty started to England and met Lord 
Delaware with fresh supplies and returned to Jamestown. 

Statuary Hall is in Washington, D. C. In this hall 
each state is allowed statues of two of its most distinguish- 
ed citizens, usually one republican and one democrat. 
West Virginia is represented by F. H. Pierpont and J. E. 
Kenna. 

Statue of Liberty— A statue of the Goddess of Liberty 
presented to the U. S. by France. It is on Bedloe Island, 
New York Harbor. The statue itself is 150 feet high and 
the top of the torch held in the right hand, is 300 feet 
above the v/ater. 

Stalwarts— Republicans vrho supported Grant for a 
third term. 

Stiiben, Baron — A Prussian engineer and disciplinar- 
ian. He was of great service in drilling and organizing 
the American army. 

Teiiiire of Office Bill made the consent of the Senate 
necessary to the removal of a civil officer by the president. 

Tlie Hague Tribunal— An international court at The 
Hague, Netherlands to adjust all matters of differences 
and disputes among nations excepting those affecting na- 
tional integrity. Its ultimate object is to settle all dis- 
putes by arbitration instead of war. 

Tories— Friends of the king. 

Townsliend Acts laid new taxes on tea, glass, paper, 
etc.- and established a Board of Trade to manage the af- 
fairs of Boston. 



66 

Trent Affair — England and France had recognized the 
Confederate States. Mason and Slidell were aboard the 
English Steamer "Trent" on their way, as ambassadors, 
to England and^ prance. Capt. Wilkes of the U. S. S. San 
Jacinto, stopped the Trent, took off Mason and Slidell 
and brought them to Washington. England protested and 
Lincoln, disavowing the act, sent them to their respective 
posts. 

Underground Eailroad — A concerted action of the Abol- 
itionists in secreting runaway negroes and helping them 
on their way to Canada. 

Tirginia and Kentucky Kesolutions (Resolutions of 
1798) were passed by the Legislatures of these states in 
opposition to the Alien and Sedition Laws. They were 
suggested by Madison and Jefferson, respectively. They 
asserted the unconstitutionality of these laws, and advised 
disobedience by the state. The resolutions differed only 
as to the remedy, the latter adhering more closely to state 
rights. 

IVhiskey Kebellion — In 1794 Congress passed a law 
taxing whiskey. As the farmers of V/estern Pennsylvania 
had no means of transporting grain, they had been making 
whiskey of it. The whiskey could be easily transported 
and sold at a profit, but not under the new law. The far- 
mers rebelled. The rebellion was suppressed by a large 
force of United States soldiers sent to Pitsburg. The in- 
cident is important, as the people learned for the first 
time that there was a strong national government to en- 
force the laws. 

>yrits of Assistance — Writs authorizing British officers 
to search private houses for smuggled goods. 



67 



X. Y. Z, Papers — Papers containing the demands made 
by French agents on Congress but with the letters X. Y. 
and Z. instead of the names of the three French agents. 
These papers v^ere sent by president Adams to Congress. 



THE CONDENSED SERIES 

OF TEXT BOOKS FOR TEACHERS 

IN USE THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES 

These are just the books you have been 
looking for. They are all new, originalj 
brief, concise, thorough, simple and logical. 
They stand alone. No other books on the 
same plan have appeared in print. 



Arithmetic $1.00 

Grammar 1.35 

Eeading and Literature 45 

United States History .45 

Geography .45 

Ciyil Government .45 

W. Va, State History .35 

Physiology .45 

Orthography and Penmanship .45 

Agriculture 45 

Theory and Art .40 

Elf TIKE SET (Postpaid) $5.70 



Send All Orders To 

The Condensed Text Book Co. 

PARKERSBURG, W. VA. 
OR 



A. S. Lee ^ 



=o 















<^ ,0-., •^^ 



♦ _ o 



4^* -^'•. ^*. 



-^..0^ ^\ 



% "^ .e /^z^^. -t 






4^ 













v^ 













'^^ A^ *>V^'^ 'V V^**-' 












^Ov.. 



■''ao^ 






"-< 










C" ♦ 







.0^ 











HECKMAN 
BINDERY INC. |§ 

DEC 88 

N. MANCHESTER, 
INDIANA 46962 




ISIMiSisiiii 



iiiiiiptelK 



